Existing research on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) identifies two primary control approaches: therapist-operated systems and participant-controlled systems. Therapist-operated NMES devices typically employ switches and potentiometers for control, whereas participant-controlled systems offer diverse input methods, including switches, buttons, joysticks, electromyography electrodes, voice-activated commands, and sip-and-puff devices. A critical limitation of current NMES technology lies in its failure to mimic the body’s natural muscle recruitment process during electrical stimulation, resulting in premature fatigue and diminished user engagement. A particularly significant drawback is the absence of joint range-of-motion dependency observed during voluntary movements and active involvement of participant. This limitation prevents precise control over spatial and temporal parameters, such as modulating motor unit recruitment relative to joint position, during neuromuscular rehabilitation. Furthermore, existing devices cannot accurately reproduce the co-contraction dynamics and reciprocal activation patterns seen in synergistic, agonist, and antagonist muscle groups during natural movement. Addressing these challenges requires developing innovative NMES technology capable of activating the neuromuscular system while replicating natural voluntary recruitment patterns. Such advancements would not only improve muscle strengthening outcomes but also enhance participant adherence through more effective cortical and peripheral neuromuscular engagement.