Inverse-dynamic models often use cost functions to solve the load-sharing problem. Although it is often assumed that energy is minimised, most cost functions are based on mechanically related measures like muscle force or stress. The aim of this …

Local oxygen consumption in a muscle (V̇O2) can be determined by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In principle it should be possible to use this measure to validate musculoskeletal models. However, the relationship between V̇O2 and external force, …