Review: The evolution of wireless near infrared spectroscopy applications in urology and rationale for clinical use

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an established non-invasive optical technique for measuring changes in haemoglobin concentration occurring in the microcirculation in real time. NIR spectroscopy parameters refect change in tissue haemodynamics and …

Bladder anatomy physiology and pathophysiology: Elements that suit near infrared spectroscopic evaluation of voiding dysfunction

Bladder studies are the most recent biomedical application of NIRS in urology. Transcutaneous monitoring of the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall as the organ fills and empties offers new parameters for evaluation of normal and dysfunctional …